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В 1936 году переехал в Италию. Там он по поручению властей Италии, обеспокоенных вспышками малярии в итальянских войсках во время второй итало-эфиопской войны , изучал процесс иммунизации . Шиллингу дали возможность проводить эксперименты на заключённых психиатрических лечебниц Вольтерры и Сан-Никколо ди Сьена . Правительство Германии частично финансировало его исследования .
В 1941 году вернулся в Германию. В начале 1942 года Шиллингу по приказу Гиммлера была предоставлена лаборатория по исследованию малярии, расположенная в Дахау . Количество заключённых над которыми проводились эксперименты составило около одной тысячи человек, из них умерли, по разным данным, от 300 до 400 человек .
После войны был арестован. 13 октября 1945 года Шиллинг был приговорён к смертной казни через повешение. Он был казнён 28 мая 1946 года в Ландсбергской тюрьме .
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Примечания
Отрывок, характеризующий Шиллинг, Клаус
– Она не отсюда, – тихо сказал человек. – Она издалека...Это абсолютно и полностью подтверждало мою сумасшедшую догадку, которая появилась у меня мельком и, сама себя испугавшись, сразу исчезла...
– Как – издалека? – не поняла малышка. – Дальше ведь нельзя? Мы ведь дальше не ходим?..
И тут Стеллины глаза начали понемножко округляться, и в них медленно, но уверенно стало появляться понимание...
– Ма-а-мочки, она что ли к нам прилете-е-ла?!.. А как же она прилетела?!.. И как же она одна совсем? Ой, она же одна!.. А как же теперь её найти?!
В Стеллином ошарашенном мозгу мысли путались и кипели, заслоняя друг друга... А я, совершенно ошалев, не могла поверить, что вот наконец-то произошло то, чего я так долго и с такой надеждой тайком ждала!.. А теперь вот, наконец-то найдя, я не смогла это дивное чудо удержать...
– Да не убивайся так, – спокойно обратился ко мне Фабий. – Они были здесь всегда... И всегда есть. Только увидеть надо...
– Как?!.. – будто два ошалевших филина, вытаращив на него глаза, дружно выдохнули мы. – Как – всегда есть?!..
– Ну, да, – спокойно ответил отшельник. – А её зовут Вэя. Только она не придёт второй раз – она никогда не появляется дважды... Так жаль! С ней было так интересно говорить...
– Ой, значит, вы общались?! – окончательно этим убитая, расстроено спросила я.
– Если ты когда-нибудь увидишь её, попроси вернуться ко мне, маленькая...
Я только кивнула, не в состоянии что-либо ответить. Мне хотелось рыдать навзрыд!.. Что вот, получила – и потеряла такую невероятную, неповторимую возможность!.. А теперь уже ничего не поделать и ничего не вернуть... И тут меня вдруг осенило!
– Подождите, а как же кристалл?.. Ведь она дала свой кристалл! Разве она не вернётся?..
– Не знаю, девонька... Я не могу тебе сказать.
– Вот видишь!.. – тут же радостно воскликнула Стелла. – А говоришь – всё знаешь! Зачем же тогда грустить? Я же говорила – здесь очень много непонятного! Вот и думай теперь!..
Она радостно подпрыгивала, но я чувствовала, что у неё в головке назойливо крутиться та же самая, как и у меня, единственная мысль...
– А ты, правда, не знаешь, как нам её найти? А может, ты знаешь, кто это знает?..
Фабий отрицательно покачал головой. Стелла поникла. ]
Upon retirement from the Robert Koch Institute in 1936, Schilling moved to Benito Mussolini "s Fascist Italy , where he was given the opportunity to conduct immunization experiments on inmates of the psychiatric asylums of Volterra and San Niccolò di Siena . (The Italian authorities were concerned that troops faced malaria outbreaks in the course of the Italo-Ethiopian War .) As Schilling stressed the significance of the research for German interests, the Nazi government of Germany also supported him with a financial grant for his Italian experimentation.
Dachau experiments [ edit ]
Schilling returned to Germany after a meeting with Leonardo Conti , the Nazis" Health Chief, in 1941, and by early 1942 he was provided with a special malaria research station at Dachau "s concentration camp by Heinrich Himmler , the leader of the SS . Despite negative assessments from colleagues, Schilling would remain in charge of the malaria station for the duration of the war.
Although in the 1930s Schilling had stressed the point that malaria research on human subjects could be performed in an entirely harmless fashion, the Dachau subjects included prisoners who were injected with synthetic drugs at doses ranging from high to lethal. They had been exposed to malaria mosquitos in cages strapped to their hands or arms so as to ensure infection with the parasite. Of the more than 1,000 prisoners used in the malaria experiments at Dachau during the war, between 300 and 400 died as a result; among survivors, a substantial number remained permanently damaged. A number of priests imprisoned by the Nazis were killed during the experiments.
A priest or priestess is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They have the authority or power to administer religious rites, their office or position is the priesthood , a term which may apply to such persons collectively. According to the trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society, priests have existed since the earliest of times and in the simplest societies, most as a result of agricultural surplus and consequent social stratification; the necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in many early societies. Priests exist in many religions today, such as all or some branches of Judaism , Buddhism and Hinduism , they are regarded as having privileged contact with the deity or deities of the religion to which they subscribe interpreting the meaning of events and performing the rituals of the religion. There is no common definition of the duties of priesthood between faiths.
These include blessing worshipers with prayers of joy at marriages, after a birth, at consecrations, teaching the wisdom and dogma of the faith at any regular worship service, mediating and easing the experience of grief and death at funerals – maintaining a spiritual connection to the afterlife in faiths where such a concept exists. Administering religious building grounds and office affairs and papers, including any religious library or collection of sacred texts, is commonly a responsibility – for example, the modern term for clerical duties in a secular office refers to the duties of a cleric ; the question of which religions have a "priest" depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English. In some cases, leaders are more like those that other believers will turn to for advice on spiritual matters, less of a "person authorized to perform the sacred rituals." For example, clergy in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are priests, but in Protestant Christianity they are minister and pastor.
The terms priest and priestess are sufficiently generic that they may be used in an anthropological sense to describe the religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion. In many religions, being a priest or priestess is a full-time position, ruling out any other career. Many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches. In other cases it is a part-time role. For example, in the early history of Iceland the chieftains were titled goði , a word meaning "priest"; as seen in the saga of Hrafnkell Freysgoði, being a priest consisted of offering periodic sacrifices to the Norse gods and goddesses. In some religions, being a priest or priestess is by human election or human choice. In Judaism the priesthood is inherited in familial lines. In a theocracy , a society is governed by its priesthood; the word "priest", is derived from Greek via Latin presbyter , the term for "elder" elders of Jewish or Christian communities in late antiquity.
The Latin presbyter represents Greek πρεσβύτερος presbúteros, the regular Latin word for "priest" being sacerdos, corresponding to ἱερεύς hiereús. It is possible that the Latin word was loaned into Old English , only from Old English reached other Germanic languages via the Anglo-Saxon mission to the continent, giving Old Icelandic prestr, Old Swedish präster, Old High German priast. Old High German has the disyllabic priester, priestar derived from Latin independently via Old French presbtre. Αn alternative theory makes priest cognate with Old High German priast, from Vulgar Latin *prevost "one put over others", from Latin praepositus "person placed in charge". That English should have only the single term priest to translate presbyter and sacerdos came to be seen as a problem in English Bible translations; the presbyter is the minister who both presides and instructs a Christian congregation, while the sacerdos, offerer of sacrifices, or in a Christian context the eucharist , performs "mediatorial offices between God and man".
The feminine English noun, was coined in the 17th century, to refer to female priests of the pre-Christian religions of classical antiquity. In the 20th century, the word was used in controversies surrounding the women ordained in the Anglican communion, who are referred to as "priests", irrespective of gender, the term priestess is considered archaic in Christianity . In historical polytheism , a priest administers the sacrifice to a deity in elaborate ritual. In the Ancient Near East , the priesthood acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property. Priestesses in antiquity performed sacred prostitution , in Ancient Greece , some priestesses such as Pythia , priestess at Delphi , acted as oracles. Sumerian en were top-ranking priestesses who were distinguished with special ceremonial attire and held equal status to high priests, they owned property, transacted business, initiated the hieros gamos with priests and kings. Enheduanna was the first known holder of the title en. Nadītu served as priestesses in the temples of Inanna in the city of Uruk .
They were recruited from the highest families in the land and were supposed to remain childless, own
These independent statelets served as Europe"s main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East enjoying a greater degree of democracy than the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism , science and art. Italian culture flourished, producing famous scholars and polymaths such as Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci , Raphael and Machiavelli . During the Middle Ages , Italian explorers such as Marco Polo , Christopher Columbus , Amerigo Vespucci , John Cabot and Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World , helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery . Italy"s commercial and political power waned with the opening of trade routes that bypassed the Mediterranean. Centuries of infighting between the Italian city-states, such as the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, left the region fragmented, it was subsequently conquered and further divided by European powers such as France and Austria.
By the mid-19th century, rising Italian nationalism and calls for independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval. After centuries of foreign domination and political division, Italy was entirely unified in 1871, establishing the Kingdom of Italy as a great power. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Italy industrialised, namely in the north, acquired a colonial empire, while the south remained impoverished and excluded from industrialisation , fuelling a large and influential diaspora. Despite being one of the main victors in World War I , Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil, leading to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922. Participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat, economic destruction and the Italian Civil War . Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the resistance, the country abolished the monarchy, reinstated democracy, enjoyed a prolonged economic boom and, despite periods of sociopolitical turmoil became a developed country.
Today, Italy is considered to be one of the world"s most culturally and economically advanced countries, with the sixth-largest worldwide national wealth. Its advanced economy ranks eighth-largest in the world and third in the Eurozone by nominal GDP. Italy owns the third-largest central bank gold reserve, it has a high level of human development, it stands among the top countries for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military and diplomatic affairs. Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and a member of numerous international institutions, including the UN, NATO , the OECD , the OSCE , the WTO, the G7, the G20, the Union for the Mediterranean , the Council of Europe , Uniting for Consensus , the Schengen Area and many more; as a reflection
The Dachau Camp Trials: 40 officials were tried. Of these, 23 were hanged on the 28 May and 29 May 1946, including the former commandant Martin Gottfried Weiss and the camp doctor Claus Schilling . Smaller groups of Dachau camp officials and guards were included in several subsequent trials by the U. S. court. On 21 November 1946 it was announced that, up to that date, 116 defendants of this category had been convicted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment; the Mauthausen Camp Trials: 61 officials of this camp were tried by a U. S. military court at Dachau in March/April, 1946. Those executed included the commandant of the SS-Totenkopfverbände ; the Flossenbürg Camp Trial: 52 officials and guards of this camp were tried between 12 June 1946 and 19 January 1947. Of the defendants, 15 25 to terms of imprisonment; the Buchenwald Camp Trial : Between April and August, 1947, 31 defendants were found guilty. Of these 22 were sentenced to death; the Mühldorf Camp Trial, five officials were sentenced to death by a U.
S. war crimes court at Dachau on 13 May 1947 and seven to imprisonment. The Dora-Nordhausen Trial: On 7 August 1947 it convicted 15 former SS guards and Kapos ; the trial addressed the question of liability of Mittelwerk V-2 rocket scientists. Richard Drauz : Former Nazi Party official, Kreisleiter of Heilbronn and member of the Reichstag . Sentenced to death on 11 December 1945 for his involvement in the summary execution of an Allied prisoner of war on 24 March 1945. Executed in Landsberg prison on 4 December 1946. August Eigruber : Ex SS-Obergruppenführer , Gauleiter of Oberdonau and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria . Condemned to death on 11 May 1946 for his involvement in the establishment and administration of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. Executed on 28 May 1947. Otto Förschner : Ex SS-Sturmbannführer and former commandant of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp and commander of the Dachau satellite-camp of Kaufering . Sentenced to death on 13 December 1945 for crimes against humanity committed during his tenure at Kaufering.
Apart from that, the Institute publishes several scientific periodicals, such as the monthly "Journal of Health Monitoring", "Epidemiological Bulletin" and the "Bundesgesundheitsblatt". The institute is home to various National Reference Centres and Consultant Laboratories. Around 15 scientific committees, such as the Standing Committee on Vaccination and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention, are based at the Robert Koch Institute. RKI staff are involved in various international research projects and programmes, helping to tackle urgent public health problems such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2011. RKI cooperates with international partners like the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the World Health Organisation ; the institute hosts two WHO reference laboratories and has been the WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats since 2016. RKI is the only federal institute in Germany in the field of human medicine with a BSL-4 laboratory.
The Robert Koch Institute has its headquarters and two additional sites in Berlin as well as a site in Wernigerode/Harz region. RKI"s focus is on research, some 450 of about 1,100 members of staff are scientists; the institute consists of: Department for Infectious Diseases Department for Epidemiology and Health Reporting Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens Methodology and Research Infrastructure project groups junior research groups staff units central services A museum presenting the life and work of Robert Koch as well as of the institute today is located at the main building at Nordufer site and open to visitors from Monday to Friday. The mausoleum with Robert Koch"s remains can be visited; the Institute was formed by the Nobel Prize laureate Robert Koch in 1891 as the Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases. Koch lived until the age of 66, when he died of a heart attack in Baden-Baden , in 27 May 1910; the director from 1917 to 1933 was Fred Neufeld .
Neufeld"s Deputy Director from 1919 to 1933 was Walter Levinthal. During Third Reich , the Institute was involved in atrocities committed in the name of national socialism . In 1941 the Institute was involved in setting up experiments into typhus vaccines at Buchenwald Concentration Camp which resulted in the deaths of 127 of the 537 camp inmates involved; the institute was renamed the Robert Koch Institute in 1942. In 1952 the Institute became a subordinate agency of the Federal Health Agency . Following the German reunification in 1990, some former GDR health agencies were integrated in the Robert Koch Institute. One of them was the Institute for Experimental Epidemiology in Wernigerode/Harz region, still an RKI location today. In 1994, the Federal Health Agency was dissolved, RKI became an independent federal agency within the portfolio of the German Federal Ministry of Health. Two of the former Federal Health Agency"s institutes, the Berlin-based AIDS centre and the "Institut für Sozialmedizin und Epidemiologie", were attached to the Robert Koch Institute .
The RKI – which till was occupied with infectious diseases alone – now had a second big topic: non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Robert Koch Georg Gaffky Friedrich Loeffler Fred Neufeld Friedrich Karl Kleine Richard Otto Eugen Gildemeister Otto Lentz Bruno Harms ; the prison was used by Allied power during the Occupation of Germany for holding Nazi War Criminals . In 1946 General Joseph T. McNarney , commander in chief, U. S. Forces of Occupation in Germany renamed Landsberg: War Criminal Prison Nr. 1. The Americans closed the war crimes facility in 1958. Control of the prison was handed over to the Federal Republic of Germany. Landsberg is now maintained by the Prison Service of the Bavarian Ministry of Justice . Landsberg prison, in the town"s western outskirts, was completed in 1910; the facility was designed with an Art Nouveau frontage by Hugo Höfl . Within its wall, the four brick-built cell blocks were constructed in a cross-shape orientation.
This allowed guards to watch all wings from a central location. Landsberg, used for holding convicted criminals and those awaiting sentencing, was designated a Festungshaft prison. Festungshaft facilities were similar to a modern protective custody unit. Prisoners had reasonably comfortable cells, they were allowed to receive visitors. Anton Graf von Arco-Valley who shot Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner was given a Festungshaft sentence in February 1919. In 1924 Adolf Hitler spent 264 days incarcerated in Landsberg after being convicted of treason following the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich the previous year. During his imprisonment, Hitler dictated and wrote his book Mein Kampf with assistance from his deputy, Rudolf Hess. Numerous foreign political prisoners of the Nazis were deported to Germany and imprisoned in Landsberg. Between early 1944 and the end of the war, at least 210 prisoners died in Landsberg as a result of mistreatment or execution. During the occupation of Germany by the Allies after World War II , the US Army designated the prison as War Criminal Prison No. 1 to hold convicted Nazi war criminals.
It was guarded by personnel from the United States Army"s Military Police . The first condemned prisoners arrived at Landsberg prison in December 1945; these war criminals had been sentenced to death for crimes against humanity at the Dachau Trials which had begun a month earlier. Between 1945 and 1946, the prison housed a total of 110 prisoners convicted at the Nuremberg trials , a further 1416 war criminals from the Dachau trials and 18 prisoners convicted in the Shanghai trials. In five and half years, Landsberg prison was the place of execution of nearly 300 condemned war criminals. 259 death sentences were conducted by 29 by firing squad. Executions were carried out expeditiously. In May 1946 twenty eight former SS guards from Dachau were hanged within a four-day period. Bodies that were not claimed were buried in unmarked graves in the cemetery next to the Spöttingen chapel. Former members of the Third Reich who were sent to the US Army"s prison at Landsberg included: By 1948 the Bavarian Ministry of Justice"s Association for the Welfare of Prisoners managed the needs of the prisoners held by the American military.
With the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949 and its abolition of the death penalty, calls from politicians, the churches and artists resulted in numerous petitions being made to close down War Criminal Prison No. 1. as part of a general effort to bring freedom for all Germans convicted of war crimes. In the last half of 1950 and the first half of 1951, thousands of Germans took part in demonstrations outside Landsberg prison to demand pardons for all the war criminals while the German media coverage was overwhelmingly on the side of the condemned, who were depicted as the innocent victims of American "lynch law". Though the protestors at Landsberg claimed to be motivated only by opposition to the death penalty and not to have any pro-Nazi or anti-Semitic feelings, their actions belied their words; when a group of Jewish protestors arrived at Landsberg demanding the execution of the 102 war criminals on 7 January 1951, the German protestors demanding amnesty began to chant the Nazi-era slogan "Juden raus!
Juden raus!" and proceed to beat up the Jewish protestors. The German historian Norbert Frei observed that most of the politicians who demanded freedom for condemned prisoners at Landsberg at various protest rallies outside the prison, such as Richard Jaeger of the CSU on became prominent advocates of restoring the death penalty, which suggested that what people like Jaeger objected to was not so much the death penalty, but rather the use of the death penalty against Nazi war criminals. Another politician dengue . Poor living conditions in underdeveloped tropical countries have led to a rising number of non-communicable diseases; these diseases include cancer and cardiovascular disease, which, in the past, have been more of a worry in developed countries. Physicians trained in tropical medicine must be prepared to diagnose and treat these diseases. Training for physicians wishing to specialize in tropical medicine varies over the different countries, they must study epidemiology , virology and statistics, as well as the training required of an ordinary MD.
Research on tropical diseases and how to treat them comes from both field research and research centers, including those of the military. Sir Patrick Manson is recognized as the father of tropical medicine, he founded the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in 1899. He is credited with discovering the vector, he learned. He continued to study this worm and its life cycle and determined the worms underwent metamorphosis within female culex fatigans mosquitoes, thus he discovered mosquitoes as a vector for elephantiasis . After this discovery he collaborated with Ronald Ross to examine the transmission of malaria via mosquito vector, his work with discovering vectors as modes of transmission was critical in the founding of tropical medicine and our current understanding of many tropical diseases. Training in tropical medicine is quite different between countries. Most physicians are trained at institutes of tropical medicine or incorporated into the training of infectious diseases. In the UK, if a physician wants to specialize in tropical medicine, they must first train in general internal medicine and get accepted into the Royal College of Physicians .
They must study the specialty of infectious diseases while completing a full-time course load to receive their Diploma of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Their studies are carried out at either the Liverpool schools of tropical medicine. Additionally, they must spend two years at one of the UK centers approved for tropical medicine. Physicians in the UK who wish to be certified in tropical medicine must spend at least a year abroad in an area lacking resources. Only can they become certified in tropical medicine; the training of United States tropical doctors is similar, though it is not a board recognized specialty in America. Physicians must first complete a program focusing on infectious diseases. Once completed, physicians can take the certification exam from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in order to receive the Certificate of Knowledge in Clinical Tropical Medicine and Travelers" Health. In developing countries alone, 22 million people are living with HIV. Most infections are still in Africa, but Asia, Latin America , the Caribbean are now seeing large numbers of infections as well.
95% of expected new infections will occur in the low income countries in the tropics. The expected number of new infections is 3-4 million per year. Risk factors such as needle use and unprotected sex are much more prevalent in tropical and underdeveloped areas. Once HIV is transmitted to a tropical area it is spread throughout the sexually active population. Though how fast and how far it spreads varies, some African countries have an HIV prevalence of 10%. More alarming still, in urban areas, prevalence among pregnant women can get as high as 30%. Healthcare professionals themselves are at great risk of exposure to HIV. An HIV prevalence of 10% means any given workforce will have a 10% prevalence, this does not exclude the healthcare team. Tuberculosis is thought to cause a more rapid disease progression. Tuberculosis is prevalent in tropical and under-developed countries, only making HIV more devastating. Without the expensive and high-tech medical equipment of developed, western countries, physicians in the tropics are left with few options.
If they are able to catch an HIV-related bacterial or mycobacterial disease they can diagnose and manage the disease with basic drugs and standard treatment protocol. Many under-developed countries do not have a care strategy, of those that do, they aren"t as effective as they need to be to stop the spread of HIV. Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by an Anopheles mosquito to a human host; the parasite that causes malaria belongs to the genus Plasmodium . Once infected, malaria can take a wide variety of symptoms; the disease is placed into the severe category. If diagnosed and treated, malaria can be cured. However, some of the more serious symptoms, such as acute kidney failure , severe anemia , acute respiratory distress syndrome can be fatal if not dealt with swiftly and properly. Certain types of Plasmodium can leave dormant parasites in the liver that can reawaken months or years causing additional relapses of the disease. In the World Malaria Report of 2016, the World Health Organization reported a malaria infection rate of 212 million, 90% of which occurred in the African region.
However, malaria infection rates had fallen 21% since 2010 at the time of the report. The WHO reported an est
Клаус Карл Шиллинг (5 июля 1871, Мюнхен - 28 мая 1946, Ландсберг-на-Лехе) - немецкий медик, участник медицинских экспериментов, проводившихся над заключёнными концлагеря Дахау. После поражения гитлеровской Германии был приговорён к смертной казни через повешение, казнён в 1946 году.
Биография
Клаус Шиллинг родился 5 июля 1871 года в Мюнхене. Там же изучал медицину, в 1895 году получил докторскую степень. Занимался медицинской практикой на территории африканских колоний, принадлежавших Германской империи. Как специалист по тропическим заболеваниям в 1905 году был приглашён на работу в институт Роберта Коха.
В 1936 году переехал в Италию. Там он по поручению властей Италии, обеспокоенных вспышками малярии в итальянских войсках во время второй итало-эфиопской войны, изучал процесс иммунизации. Шиллингу дали возможность проводить эксперименты на заключённых психиатрических лечебниц Вольтерры и Сан-Никколо ди Сьена. Правительство Германии частично финансировало его исследования.
В 1941 году вернулся в Германию. В начале 1942 года Шиллингу по приказу Гиммлера была предоставлена лаборатория по исследованию малярии, расположенная в Дахау. Количество заключённых над которыми проводились эксперименты составило около одной тысячи человек, из них умерли, по разным данным, от 300 до 400 человек.
После войны был арестован. 13 октября 1945 года Шиллинг был приговорён к смертной казни через повешение. Он был казнён 28 мая 1946 года в Ландсбергской тюрьме.
К:Википедия:Статьи без изображений (тип: не указан)
В 1936 году переехал в Италию. Там он по поручению властей Италии, обеспокоенных вспышками малярии в итальянских войсках во время второй итало-эфиопской войны , изучал процесс иммунизации . Шиллингу дали возможность проводить эксперименты на заключённых психиатрических лечебниц Вольтерры и Сан-Никколо ди Сьена . Правительство Германии частично финансировало его исследования .
В 1941 году вернулся в Германию. В начале 1942 года Шиллингу по приказу Гиммлера была предоставлена лаборатория по исследованию малярии, расположенная в Дахау . Количество заключённых над которыми проводились эксперименты составило около одной тысячи человек, из них умерли, по разным данным, от 300 до 400 человек .
После войны был арестован. 13 октября 1945 года Шиллинг был приговорён к смертной казни через повешение. Он был казнён 28 мая 1946 года в Ландсбергской тюрьме .
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Примечания
Отрывок, характеризующий Шиллинг, Клаус
Пьер теперь только, в свой приезд в Лысые Горы, оценил всю силу и прелесть своей дружбы с князем Андреем. Эта прелесть выразилась не столько в его отношениях с ним самим, сколько в отношениях со всеми родными и домашними. Пьер с старым, суровым князем и с кроткой и робкой княжной Марьей, несмотря на то, что он их почти не знал, чувствовал себя сразу старым другом. Они все уже любили его. Не только княжна Марья, подкупленная его кроткими отношениями к странницам, самым лучистым взглядом смотрела на него; но маленький, годовой князь Николай, как звал дед, улыбнулся Пьеру и пошел к нему на руки. Михаил Иваныч, m lle Bourienne с радостными улыбками смотрели на него, когда он разговаривал с старым князем.Старый князь вышел ужинать: это было очевидно для Пьера. Он был с ним оба дня его пребывания в Лысых Горах чрезвычайно ласков, и велел ему приезжать к себе.
Когда Пьер уехал и сошлись вместе все члены семьи, его стали судить, как это всегда бывает после отъезда нового человека и, как это редко бывает, все говорили про него одно хорошее.
Возвратившись в этот раз из отпуска, Ростов в первый раз почувствовал и узнал, до какой степени сильна была его связь с Денисовым и со всем полком.
Когда Ростов подъезжал к полку, он испытывал чувство подобное тому, которое он испытывал, подъезжая к Поварскому дому. Когда он увидал первого гусара в расстегнутом мундире своего полка, когда он узнал рыжего Дементьева, увидал коновязи рыжих лошадей, когда Лаврушка радостно закричал своему барину: «Граф приехал!» и лохматый Денисов, спавший на постели, выбежал из землянки, обнял его, и офицеры сошлись к приезжему, – Ростов испытывал такое же чувство, как когда его обнимала мать, отец и сестры, и слезы радости, подступившие ему к горлу, помешали ему говорить. Полк был тоже дом, и дом неизменно милый и дорогой, как и дом родительский.
Явившись к полковому командиру, получив назначение в прежний эскадрон, сходивши на дежурство и на фуражировку, войдя во все маленькие интересы полка и почувствовав себя лишенным свободы и закованным в одну узкую неизменную рамку, Ростов испытал то же успокоение, ту же опору и то же сознание того, что он здесь дома, на своем месте, которые он чувствовал и под родительским кровом. Не было этой всей безурядицы вольного света, в котором он не находил себе места и ошибался в выборах; не было Сони, с которой надо было или не надо было объясняться. Не было возможности ехать туда или не ехать туда; не было этих 24 часов суток, которые столькими различными способами можно было употребить; не было этого бесчисленного множества людей, из которых никто не был ближе, никто не был дальше; не было этих неясных и неопределенных денежных отношений с отцом, не было напоминания об ужасном проигрыше Долохову! Тут в полку всё было ясно и просто. Весь мир был разделен на два неровные отдела. Один – наш Павлоградский полк, и другой – всё остальное. И до этого остального не было никакого дела. В полку всё было известно: кто был поручик, кто ротмистр, кто хороший, кто дурной человек, и главное, – товарищ. Маркитант верит в долг, жалованье получается в треть; выдумывать и выбирать нечего, только не делай ничего такого, что считается дурным в Павлоградском полку; а пошлют, делай то, что ясно и отчетливо, определено и приказано: и всё будет хорошо.
Claus Schilling
Claus Schilling sitting before a tribunal in November 1945.
Dachau experiments
Schilling returned to Germany after a meeting with Leonardo Conti , the Nazis" Health Chief, in 1941, and by early 1942 he was provided with a special malaria research station at Dachau "s concentration camp by Heinrich Himmler , the leader of the SS. Despite negative assessments from colleagues, Schilling would remain in charge of the malaria station for the duration of the war.
Although in the 1930s Schilling had stressed the point that malaria research on human subjects could be performed in an entirely harmless fashion, the Dachau subjects included experimentees who were injected with synthetic drugs at doses ranging from high to lethal. Of the more than 1,000 prisoners used in the malaria experiments at Dachau during the war, between 300 and 400 died as a result; among survivors, a substantial number remained permanently damaged afterward.
The tribunal sentenced Schilling to death by hanging on December 13, 1945. His execution took place at Landsberg Prison in Landsberg am Lech on May 28, 1946.
References
Wikimedia Foundation . 2010 .
- Claus Jørgensen
- Claus Kleber
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